CD28 Targeted Therapies
1 drugsAbout CD28
CD28 is a co-stimulatory receptor on T cells, essential for activating the immune system. It plays a vital role in T cell activation, influencing immune responses.
CD28 is a therapeutic target for immune modulation, though direct genetic evidence linking it to specific diseases is unavailable. Its function in T cell activation has led to the development of an FDA-approved drug.
ORENCIA, a fusion protein developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb, is the only FDA-approved drug targeting CD28. It has four indications and was first approved in 2005.
Top CD28 Drugs
Bristol-Myers Squibb is the only company with an approved drug targeting CD28.
The lack of competition suggests high barriers to entry or untapped potential for new entrants.
CD28 Drug Modality Landscape
Modalities
Routes of Administration
Only one approved drug targets CD28, using fusion protein modality.
Exploring alternative modalities like antibodies or small molecules could diversify the therapeutic approach.
CD28 Clinical Trials 126 trials
Phase 1-4 trials started in 2008 or later that test an FDA-approved drug acting on CD28. Source: ClinicalTrials.gov. How we count
Completion by Phase
| Phase | Total | Completed | Stopped | Active | Completion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase 1 | 30 | 18 | 5 | 7 | 78% |
| Phase 2 | 45 | 25 | 8 | 11 | 76% |
| Phase 3 | 29 | 23 | 1 | 5 | 96% |
| Phase 4 | 22 | 18 | 4 | 0 | 82% |
Top Sponsors
By Modality
Top Conditions
Top Drugs
CD28 Drug Approval Timeline (2005 - 2005)
ORENCIA was approved in 2005 and remains the only approved drug, with no new approvals since.
The stagnant timeline suggests a saturated market or challenges in developing new CD28-targeting therapies.
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Deep insights for drug target analysis
Competitive Landscape
- • 1 companies competing
- • Market share by company
Full Drug Portfolio
- • All 1 approved drugs
- • Approval dates & indications
Genetic Validation
- • Full genetic evidence table
- • Effect sizes & directions
Approval Timeline
- • Full 1-drug timeline
- • First-of-modality markers
Clinical Trials Analysis
- • Sponsors: 76 (6 companies)
- • Completion rates by condition
Full summary • All drugs • Genetic evidence • Trials • Timeline
How We Count Trials
- Trials: phase 1-4 interventional trials on ClinicalTrials.gov that started in 2008 or later and test an FDA-approved drug acting on CD28. A trial counts if an approved drug acting on CD28 is in any arm, including as a comparator, and a trial that tests two such drugs counts once. Trials that test only unapproved drugs are not counted. A trial listed as phase 1/2 counts as phase 1, and phase 2/3 as phase 2.
- Active: recruiting, not yet recruiting, enrolling by invitation, or active and no longer recruiting.
- Completion rate: of the trials that have ended, the share marked Completed rather than Terminated or Withdrawn. Completed means the trial ended as planned; it does not mean the drug worked. Suspended trials are not counted as ended.
- Stopped: terminated or withdrawn. Trials stop for many reasons, including slow enrolment and business decisions, not only safety or efficacy.
- Sponsors: the lead sponsor of each trial. Companies are the sponsors ClinicalTrials.gov classes as industry; the rest are universities, hospitals, cooperative groups, government bodies and individuals.