Drug Mechanism Heatmaps

PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, LAG-3, TIGIT, TIM-3 antibodies and bispecifics — the most-mature IO landscape.

An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is an antibody joined to a potent drug, called the payload.

A T-cell engager is a bispecific antibody: one arm binds CD3 on T cells, the other binds a protein on the target cell, and pulling the two together lets the T cell kill it.

GLP-1 drugs mimic glucagon-like peptide-1, a hormone the gut releases after a meal.

EGFR TKIs across generations, exon-20 selective, bispecifics, and EGFR ADCs.

CD19-directed therapies across modalities (CAR-T, T-cell-engaging bispecifics, mAb/ADC) AND across domains — the heme-oncology workhorse (lymphoma/leukemia) now crossing into autoimmune disease (lupus, myasthenia, scleroderma, myositis), where CD19 CAR-T "resets" the B-cell compartment.

HER2 mAbs, ADCs, bispecifics, and small-molecule TKIs.

Bispecific antibodies in immunology: dual cytokine blockers that hit two inflammatory pathways at once, and T-cell engagers repurposed to reset the immune system in autoimmune disease.

KRAS is a gene that works as an on-off switch for cell growth.

JAK pan / JAK1 / JAK1/2 / JAK3 / TYK2 inhibitors — the oral kinase backbone across immunology, dermatology, myeloproliferative neoplasms, and (emerging) CNS.

BCMA-directed therapies across modalities — CAR-T, T-cell-engaging bispecifics, and ADCs — the dominant target in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma.

CAR-T therapy uses a patient's own T cells, a type of immune cell, changed in a lab to carry a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that recognizes a protein on the target cells.

Factor XI inhibitors are blood thinners (anticoagulants) that block clotting factor XI or its active form, factor XIa.

Antibodies that bind three different targets at once, across cancer and immunology. None is approved yet; a handful are in Phase 3.

PARP inhibitors and broader DNA-damage-response (ATR, WEE1) inhibitors.

PSMA / SSTR2 / FAP-targeted radioligand therapies — the fast-emerging precision-oncology modality.

IL-12/23 (p40) and IL-23 (p19) inhibitors — the dominant immunology class for psoriasis, IBD, and emerging.

TL1A is a protein in the TNF family that drives inflammation and scarring (fibrosis) in the gut.

Claudin 18.2 mAbs, ADCs, bispecifics, and CAR-T across gastric and PDAC.

Lipoprotein(a), or Lp(a), is a cholesterol-carrying particle in the blood.

mRNA/saRNA therapeutic cancer vaccines — personalized-neoantigen, shared-antigen, and self-amplifying. V940 (Merck/Moderna) posted the first positive Phase 3 for an mRNA cancer vaccine — the biggest cancer-vaccine readout since sipuleucel-T (2010): INTerpath-001, adjuvant melanoma, met recurrence-free and distant-metastasis-free survival (announced Aug 2026).

PRMT5 and MAT2A inhibitors exploiting MTAP-deletion vulnerability — selective oncology synthetic-lethal class.

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators for UC, MS, and other indications.