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8 min read

How to Read a Cancer Trial and Tell If Patients Live Longer

A cancer drug 'works.' But did patients live longer, or did a tumor just shrink? The answer is which endpoint the trial made its primary measure. Here is how to read it.

Only one number proves a cancer drug helps patients live longer, and that is overall survival. Progression-free survival, response rate, and pCR are faster stand-ins that may or may not convert. A plain guide to reading a trial's primary endpoint, the hazard ratio, the survival curve, and the surrogate-endpoint trap, with real trials from KEYNOTE-189 and daraxonrasib to the INTerpath-001 mRNA vaccine.

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clinical trialstrial designoncologydrug development

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