A cancer drug 'works.' But did patients live longer, or did a tumor just shrink? The answer is which endpoint the trial made its primary measure. Here is how to read it.
Only one number proves a cancer drug helps patients live longer, and that is overall survival. Progression-free survival, response rate, and pCR are faster stand-ins that may or may not convert. A plain guide to reading a trial's primary endpoint, the hazard ratio, the survival curve, and the surrogate-endpoint trap, with real trials from KEYNOTE-189 and daraxonrasib to the INTerpath-001 mRNA vaccine.
How RAS went from "undruggable" to Rasonque, the first RAS-targeted medicine to extend survival in pancreatic cancer, and the best reporting and science behind it.
For 40 years RAS was "undruggable." On August 26, 2026 the FDA approved daraxonrasib (Rasonque), the first broad RAS-targeted medicine for metastatic pancreatic cancer, after the RASolute 302 trial nearly doubled overall survival (13.2 vs 6.7 months, HR 0.40). The discovery, the data, the approval, and what comes next, told through the best reporting and science, each tagged free, open-access, or subscription.
One arm grabs the cancer cell. The other grabs a T-cell. The bispecific forces them together.
CAR-T cell therapy works but takes weeks to manufacture and costs $400K+ per patient. T-cell engager bispecific antibodies do the same job as an injectable drug - no cell extraction, no manufacturing delay. Ten are now FDA-approved across myeloma, lymphoma, leukemia, and solid tumors, competing directly with CAR-T in the same diseases.
Pfizer, Amgen, Lilly, Merck, and Astellas all failed at IGF-1R in cancer. Then a shelved Roche antibody became the only effective treatment for thyroid eye disease. Same receptor, completely different biology.
Five major pharmas spent two decades chasing IGF-1R as a cancer target. Every Phase 3 trial failed. The only IGF-1R drug ever approved is for thyroid eye disease — Tepezza, which generated $1.9 billion in 2024 and 8x exceeded its acquirer's peak forecast. Eleven more IGF-1R-for-TED programs are now in clinical trials, including the literal cancer-graveyard compound being resurrected by Sling Therapeutics. Targets don't travel. Disease context decides.
Nobody knew why it caused birth defects for 50 years. The answer launched a new era of drug design.
The worst drug disaster in pharmaceutical history accidentally revealed how to hijack the cell's protein disposal system. Celgene turned thalidomide derivatives into a $12.8B franchise without knowing the mechanism. When scientists finally identified the target in 2010, it launched targeted protein degradation - now one of the most promising modalities in drug development, with its first FDA-approved drug.
How a quiet antibody program in the Netherlands became the highest-revenue drug in pharmaceutical history.
Keytruda was invented at Organon in the Netherlands, buried in two acquisitions, and became a $32B/year franchise across 20 cancer types. Nearly half of Merck's total revenue now depends on one molecule. Its US patent expires December 2028.
It took 40 years to drug KRAS. The real competition started the day it worked.
KRAS mutations drive roughly 30% of all cancers. For four decades, no one could drug it. In 2021, sotorasib cracked the target. Now three approaches - next-gen G12C, G12D inhibitors, and pan-KRAS degraders - are racing to turn a proven mechanism into a blockbuster.
